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Turcja Didyma Świątynia Apolla


Świątynia Apolla w Didyma




Wycieczkę po Turcji rozpocznę od miejsca które mnie zachwyciło - od Świątyni Apolla w starożytnej Didyma. Byłem tam dwa razy : pierwszy zaraz po upadku komuny w 1991 r i  postanowiłem odwiedzić to miejsce w 2011  - nie żałuję. Ponownie zachwyciła, choć już nie wszędzie można było wejść i nie wszystkiego dotknąć.





Mimo swojego uroku nie zobaczycie tu tłumu turystów. Oferty touroperatorów rzadko mają to w ofercie dlatego warto poszukać w miejscowych biurach lub (następnym razem tak zrobię) wynająć samochód.  Świątynia leży niedaleko miasta turystycznego Didim w prowincji Aydin.



 Budowa Świątyni w tym miejscu rozpoczęła się w VIII w. p.n.e. wokół świętego źródła które dawało moc wyroczni. Kapłani sprowadzeni z Delf ukończyli ją w VI w. p.n.e. Poświęcono ją Apollowi umieszczając jego okazały posąg, a tutejsza wyrocznia stała się równie ważna jak wyrocznia delficka.



W 494 r. p.n.e. Persowie splądrowali i zniszczyli świątynię, wywieźli posąg Apolla i wiele innych skarbów. Utracone dobra odzyskał Aleksander Wielki który zainicjował budowę i rozbudowę kompleksu. Świątynia mimo rozbudowy przez pięć wieków pod patronatem Juliusza Cezara, Kaliguli i Dioklecjania - którzy do niej pielgrzymowali - nigdy nie została ukończona , a ślady wpływu różnych stylów budowy widać do dnia dzisiejszego.



Cesarz Teodozjusz II zakazał pogańskich praktyk religijnych i przekształcił Świątynię w kościół który służył chrześcijanom do 1453 r. , kiedy to trzęsienie ziemi zakończyło świetność budowli.
Sanktuarium Apolla to jedna z największych świątyń świata helleńskiego -  większa od Partenonu w Atenach, rywalizująca swymi rozmiarami ze Świątynią Artemidy w pobliskim Efezie (uznawaną jako jeden z 7 cudów świata starożytnego)



Sanktuarium zajmowało powierzchnię 5500 metrów kwadratowych. Kasetonowy dach świątyni wspierały 122 kolumny wysokie na 28 m. o średnicy 2,5 m Najważniejsza część kompleksu nie była zadaszona w otoczony zdobionymi murami zielonego gaju znajdowało się źródło dające moc wyroczni  i kaplica z pomnikiem Apollina.




Didymayon (starożytna nazwa) bogato zdobiony jońskimi i korynckimi kolumnami oraz fryzami z głowami byków i meduz, które miały chronić sanktuarium oraz motywami roślinnymi. Głowa Meduzy )jedna z trzech Gorgon której wzrok i krew były zabójcze a na jej widok uciekały armie) jest do dzisiaj najbardziej rozpoznawalnym symbolem Didymy. 



Świątynia Apolla  miała tak wielkie znaczenie w starożytnym świecie, że z Miletu (najważniejszego miasta w rejonie) poprowadzono górską ubitą, wyłożoną kamieniem  świętą drogę (można ją zobaczyć do dzisiaj) Na 17 kilometrowym odcinku ustawiono kolumny i rzeźby które dzisiaj tak jak skarby Didymy znajdują się w muzeach w Londynie, Paryżu i Berlinie, a ich resztki w Stambule i Milecie.




Obok kompleksu bizantyjski kościół przekształcony w meczet, zbudowany z kamieni pozyskanych z ruin świątyni Apolla. 
Didymaion swym pięknem zachwyca do dzisiaj i mam nadzieję, że nie ominiecie tego miejsca, bo na prawdę warto poświęcić mu kilka chwil.     







 Więcej zdjęć zobaczycie na moim fanpage na facebook 

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